Reviews of diabetology history in Traditional Chinese medicine have classified the diagnosis and treatment of xiāo kě (消渴) into four periods, summarized below. [15] [16] Classic texts provided a typology of the condition and outlined various recommendations on Jan 01, · The Chinese were the first indentured labourers to come to the Caribbean. They first came in because the abolition of slave trade was nearing (abolition of slave trade occurred in ) and the planters were afraid to lose their work force. Sugar was also on a decline and so, the Chinese were brought to grow tea as an alternative Federica Ferlanti’s research field is Modern Chinese History and specifically China’s state-building and political history during the s and s. Federica holds BA Hons from Università di Venezia (DSAO, ), blogger.com from University of Cambridge (Oriental Studies, ), and PhD from Università di
History of diabetes - Wikipedia
Vietnamese Americans Vietnamese : Người Mỹ gốc Việt are Americans of Vietnamese ancestry. There are 2. The Vietnamese community in the United States was minimal until the South Vietnamese immigration to the country following the Vietnam War which ended in Early immigrants were refugee boat peopleloyal to South Vietnam in the conflict who fled political persecution or sought economic opportunities.
More than half of Vietnamese Americans reside in the two most populous states of California and Texasprimarily their large urban areas. As many as one million people five years of age and older speak Vietnamese at home, making it the fifth-most-spoken language in the U. In the American Community Survey ACS76 percent of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized U. citizens compared to 67 percent of people from Southeast Asia and 46 percent of the total U.
foreign-born population. Of those born outside the United States, Inthe U. Census Bureau estimated the total population of Vietnamese Americans was 2, Other states with concentrations of Vietnamese Americans were WashingtonFlorida four percent each and Virginia three percent.
About 41 percent of the Vietnamese immigrant population lives in five major metropolitan areas: in descending order, Los AngelesSan JoseHoustonSan Francisco and Dallas-Fort Worth. Vietnamese Americans are more likely to be Christians than the Vietnamese in Vietnam. Christians mainly Roman Catholics make up about six percent of Vietnam's population and about 23 percent of the Vietnamese American population.
The history of Vietnamese Americans is fairly recent. Beforemost Vietnamese residing in the US were the wives and children of American servicemen or academics. Records [15] [16] indicate that a few Vietnamese including Ho Chi Minh arrived and performed menial work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
According to the Immigration and Naturalization ServiceVietnamese arrived as immigrants between andbut the figure excludes students, diplomats, and military trainees. The April 30,fall of Saigonwhich ended the Vietnam War, prompted the first large-scale wave of immigration; many with close ties to America or the South Vietnam government feared communist reprisals. Most of the first-wave immigrants were well-educated, financially comfortable, and proficient in English.
Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers. The evacuation chinese history dissertation reviews the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15, people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80, also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U. Navy ships. military bases, including Camp Pendleton CaliforniaFort Chaffee ArkansasEglin Air Force Base Florida and Fort Indiantown Gap Pennsylvania.
After preparations for resettlement, they were assigned to one of nine voluntary agencies VOLAGs to help them find financial and personal support from sponsors in the U. South Vietnamese refugees were initially resented by Americans, since the memory of defeat was fresh; according to a poll, only 36 percent of Americans favored Vietnamese immigration.
However, the U. To prevent the refugees from forming ethnic enclaves and minimize their impact on local communities, they were distributed throughout the country, [17] but within a few years, many resettled in California and Texas. A second wave of Vietnamese refugees arrived from to the mids. Political and economic instability under the new communist government led to a migration unprecedented in Vietnam.
South Vietnamese, particularly former military officers and government employees, chinese history dissertation reviews, were sent to " re-education camps ," which were really concentration campsfor intensive political indoctrination.
Famine was widespread, and businesses were seized and nationalized. Chinese-Vietnamese relations soured when China became Vietnam's adversary in the brief Sino-Vietnamese War, chinese history dissertation reviews. Over 70 percent of the first immigrants were from urban areas, but the " boat people " were generally lower socioeconomically, as most were peasant farmers chinese history dissertation reviews fishermen, small-town merchants or former military officials.
Survivors were picked up by chinese history dissertation reviews ships and brought to asylum camps in ThailandMalaysiaSingaporeIndonesiaHong Kongand the Philippines from which they entered countries that agreed to accept them, chinese history dissertation reviews.
The plight of the boat people compelled the US to act, and the Refugee Act of eased restrictions on the entry of Vietnamese refugees.
From to, Vietnamese refugees were admitted [17] Inthe Orderly Departure Program ODP was established under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR to allow emigration from Vietnam to the US and other countries, chinese history dissertation reviews. Additional legislation permitted Amerasian children and former political prisoners and their families to enter the US. Vietnamese immigration peaked inwhen many re-education-camp inmates were released and sponsored by their families in the US.
Between andthe country acceptedVietnamese political refugees and asylum-seekers. By the early s, a secondary resettlement was underway, chinese history dissertation reviews. Vietnamese refugees were initially scattered throughout the country in wherever they could find sponsorship. The majority 27, settled in California, followed by 9, in Texas and 3, to 7, each in Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington, Illinois, New York, and Louisiana.
Economic and social factors, many then moved to warmer states, such as California and Texas, with larger Vietnamese communities, better jobs, and social safety nets, chinese history dissertation reviews. Chinese history dissertation reviews Vietnamese immigration has continued at a fairly steady pace since the s, the pathway to immigration for Vietnamese today has shifted entirely.
As opposed to the earlier history of Vietnamese migration that stemmed predominantly from refugees, an overwhelming majority of Vietnamese are now granted lawful permanent residence LPR on the basis of family sponsored preferences or by way of immediate relatives to U. After suffering war and psychological trauma, Vietnamese immigrants had to adapt to a very different culture. Language was the first barrier Vietnamese refugees with limited English proficiency had to overcome, chinese history dissertation reviews.
English uses tonal inflection sparingly primarily for questions ; Vietnamese, a tonal language, uses variations in tone to differentiate between meanings of a sound. Ma can have one of six meanings, depending on tone: "ghost", "but", "code", "rice plant", "cheek" or "tomb". Like other Asian cultures, the Vietnamese emphasize parental status; however, American culture challenges this traditional value.
Vietnamese American parents have expressed concern about decreasing authority over their children. Part of this concern is due to cultural differences; although corporal punishment is accepted in Vietnamese society as an effective way of educating children. Emotional health was considered an issue common to many Vietnamese refugees, with war-related loss and the stress of adapting to a different culture leading to chinese history dissertation reviews problems among refugees.
About 40 percent of the children of resettled refugees experienced an chinese history dissertation reviews in conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. A study by Chung et al. demonstrated a number of mental-health issues. The study examined the psychosocial adjustment of two groups of Vietnamese refugees who migrated to the U. as young children. Its participants were chinese history dissertation reviews the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist.
The three surveys accounted for cultural assimilation; how chinese history dissertation reviews an individual related to their culture of origin relative to American culture, and individual placement on scales for generalized anxiety and depression respectively. Chung separated the groups into first- and second-wave refugees; first-wave Southeast Asian refugees SEAR were defined as arriving in the U.
between andand second-wave SEAR arrived between and In wave two, six percent of those tested by Chung et al. were under age six when they arrived in the U. The study indicated that the young refugees experienced significant short- and long-term emotional and mental distress throughout their lives.
Vietnamese Americans' income and social classes are diverse, chinese history dissertation reviews. In contrast to Vietnamese refugees who settled in France or Germanyand similar to their counterparts who arrived in CanadaThe Czech RepublicThe United Kingdom and Australiarefugees arriving in the United States often had a lower socioeconomic standing in their home country and more difficulty integrating due to greater linguistic and cultural barriers.
Vietnamese Americans have arrived in the U. primarily as refugees, with little or no money. While not as academically or financially accomplished collectively as their East Asian counterparts, census data indicates that Vietnamese Americans are an upwardly-mobile group; their economic status improved substantially between and Most first-wave Vietnamese immigrants initially worked at low-paying jobs in small services or industries.
They were employed in blue-collar jobs, such as electrical engineering and machine assembling. In downtown San Josemany Vietnamese work as chinese history dissertation reviews cooks, repairmen and movers. The Evergreen and Berryessa sections of the city are middle- to upper-middle-class neighborhoods with large Vietnamese-American populations, many of whom work in Silicon Valley 's computer, networking and aerospace industries.
Many Vietnamese Americans have established businesses in Little Saigons and Chinatowns throughout North Americaand have initiated the development and revitalization of older Chinatowns. Many Vietnamese Americans are small business owners. According to a Census Bureau survey of Vietnamese-owned firms, more than 50 percent of the businesses are personal services or repair and maintenance.
The period from to saw substantial growth in the number of Vietnamese-owned business. Restaurants owned by Vietnamese Americans tend to serve Vietnamese cuisineVietnamized Chinese cuisine or both, and have popularized phở and chả giò in the U.
In chinese history dissertation reviews Young Vietnamese Americans adults are well educated, and often provide professional services. Since older Vietnamese Americans have difficulty interacting with the non-Vietnamese professional class, many Vietnamese Americans provide specialized professional services to fellow immigrants.
Of these, a small number are owned by Vietnamese Americans of Hoa ethnicity. In the Gulf Coast region LouisianaTexas, Mississippi and AlabamaVietnamese Americans are chinese history dissertation reviews with the fishing industry and account for 45 to 85 percent of the region's shrimp business. However, the dumping of imported shrimp from Vietnam has impacted their livelihood.
Recent immigrants not yet proficient in English work in assembly, restaurants, shops and nail and hair salons. Eighty percent of California's nail technicians and 43 percent nationwide are Vietnamese Americans. Some Vietnamese Americans see the work as a way to accumulate wealth quickly, and many send remittances to family members in Vietnam. Vietnamese entrepreneurs in Canada and Europe have adopted the U. model and opened nail salons in their country of residence, where few nail salons previously existed.
According to a Manhattan Institute study, Vietnamese Americans are among the most-assimilated immigrant groups in the United States.
Immigrant cohorts, as instantiated in waves of immigration, are of course related to years spent in the destination country Although naturalization does appear to increase steadily over time, with earlier waves more likely to have acquired citizenship, the same pattern of associations does not appear for our analysis of registration and voting.
Notably, it was the third wave of Vietnamese immigrants who were most likely to cast ballots in the last presidential election".
A PhD Student's Ultimate Guide to Dissertation/Thesis Writing -Research Essay, Literature Review
, time: 20:19China's War with Japan | Faculty of History
Reviews of diabetology history in Traditional Chinese medicine have classified the diagnosis and treatment of xiāo kě (消渴) into four periods, summarized below. [15] [16] Classic texts provided a typology of the condition and outlined various recommendations on Mar 18, · Research Aim: This research will analyse arrest and conviction of athletes in sexual assault cases between athletes and non-athletes from to There is a great lack of study of sexual assault arrest and conviction rates among male collegiate and professional athletes. The study will determine if and why athletes receive privileged treatment by the criminal justice system specifically Achieve Solutions is a dynamic online resource with information, tools and other resources on more than topics, including depression, stress, anxiety, alcohol, marriage, grief and loss, child/elder care, work/life balance. This Beacon Health Options® Web site helps members get credible information, access behavioral health services and resolve personal concerns in a convenient
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