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Heart of Darkness - Wikipedia
Heart of Darkness is a novella by Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad about a narrated voyage up essays on heart of darkness Congo River into the Congo Free State in the Heart of Africa. This setting provides the frame for Marlow's story of his obsession with the successful ivory trader Kurtz.
Conrad offers parallels between London "the greatest town on earth" and Africa as places of darkness. Central to Conrad's work is essays on heart of darkness idea that there is little difference between "civilised people" and "savages. Originally issued as a three-part serial story in Blackwood's Magazine to celebrate the thousandth edition of the magazine, [4] Heart of Darkness has been widely re-published and translated into many languages.
It provided the inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola 's film Apocalypse Now. Inthe Modern Library ranked Heart of Darkness 67th on their list of the best novels in English of the twentieth century.
Inat the age of 32, Conrad was appointed by a Belgian trading company to serve on one of its steamers. While sailing up the Congo River from one station to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed command. He guided the ship up the tributary Lualaba River to the trading company's innermost station, Kinduin Eastern Kongo ; Marlow has similar experiences to the author. When Conrad began to write the novella, eight years after returning from Africa, he drew inspiration from his travel journals.
The tale was first published as a three-part serial, in February, March and Aprilin Blackwood's Magazine February was the magazine's th issue: special edition. In Heart of Darkness was included in the book Youth: a Narrative, and Two Other Storiespublished on 13 November by William Blackwood. The volume consisted of Youth: a Narrativeessays on heart of darkness, Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether in that order.
Infor future editions of the book, Conrad wrote an " Author's Note " where he, after denying any "unity of artistic purpose" underlying the collection, discusses each of the three stories and makes light commentary on Marlow, the narrator of the tales within the first two stories. He said Marlow first appeared in Youth.
I call your own kind self to witness the last pages of Heart of Darkness where the interview of the man and the girl locks in—as it were—the whole words of narrative description into one suggestive view of a whole phase of life and makes of that story something quite on another plane than an anecdote of a man who went mad in the Centre of Africa.
There have been many proposed sources for the character of the antagonist, Kurtz. Georges-Antoine Kleinan agent who became ill and died aboard Conrad's steamer, is proposed by literary critics as a basis for Kurtz. Aboard the Nellieanchored in the River Thames near GravesendCharles Marlow tells fellow sailors how he became captain of a river steamboat for an ivory trading company. As a child, Marlow was fascinated by "the blank spaces" on maps, particularly Africa.
The image of a river on the map particularly fascinated Marlow. In flashback, Marlow makes his way to Africa, taking passage on a steamer.
He departs 30 mi 50 km up the river where his company's essays on heart of darkness is. Work on a railway essays on heart of darkness going on. Marlow explores a narrow ravine, and is horrified to find himself in a place full of diseased Africans who worked on the railroad and are now dying.
Marlow must wait for ten days in the company's Outer Station, which strikes Marlow as a scene of devastation. He meets the company's chief accountant, who tells him of a Mr.
Kurtz essays on heart of darkness, who is in charge essays on heart of darkness a very important trading post, and a widely respected, first-class agent. The accountant predicts that Kurtz will go far. Marlow departs with sixty men to travel on foot about miles km to the Central Station, where the steamboat that he is to captain is based.
After fifteen days, he arrives at the station only to learn that his steamboat has been wrecked in an accident. He meets the general manager, who informs him that he could not wait for Marlow to essays on heart of darkness because the up-river stations had to be relieved, and tells him of a rumour that Kurtz is ill.
Marlow fishes his boat out of the river and spends months repairing it. At one point Marlow is invited into the room of the station's brickmaker, essays on heart of darkness.
Hanging on the wall essays on heart of darkness "a small sketch in oils, on a panel, representing a woman draped and blindfolded carrying a lighted torch".
Marlow is fascinated with the sinister effect of the torchlight upon the woman's face, and is informed that Mr. Kurtz made the painting a year earlier. The brickmaker predicts Kurtz will rise in the hierarchy, before telling Marlow that, "The same people who sent him specially also recommended you. Marlow is frustrated by the time it takes to perform the repairs, delayed by the lack of tools and replacement parts. He learns that Kurtz is resented, not admired, by the manager.
Once underway, essays on heart of darkness, the journey to Kurtz's station takes two months. The journey pauses for the night about 8 miles 13 km below the Inner Station. In the morning the boat is enveloped by a thick fog.
The steamboat is later attacked by a barrage of arrows, and the helmsman is killed. Marlow sounds the steam whistle repeatedly, essays on heart of darkness, frightening the attackers away. After landing at Kurtz's station, a man boards the steamboat: a Russian wanderer who strayed into Kurtz's camp. Marlow learns that the natives worship Kurtz, and that he has been very ill of late.
The Russian tells of how Kurtz opened his mind and seems to admire Kurtz even for his power and his willingness to use it. Marlow suggests that Kurtz has gone mad. Marlow observes the station and sees a row of posts topped with the severed heads of natives.
Around the corner of the house, the manager appears with the pilgrims, essays on heart of darkness, bearing a gaunt and ghost-like Kurtz. The area fills with natives ready for battle, but Kurtz shouts something from the stretcher and essays on heart of darkness natives retreat.
The pilgrims carry Kurtz to the steamer and lay him in one of the cabins. The manager tells Marlow that Kurtz has harmed the company's business in the region, that his methods are "unsound". The Russian reveals that Kurtz believes the company wants to kill him, and Marlow confirms that hangings were discussed. After midnight, Marlow discovers that Kurtz has returned to shore. He finds Kurtz crawling back to the station house.
Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an alarm, but Kurtz only laments that he had not accomplished more. The next day they prepare to journey back down the river. The natives assemble on shore and begin shouting unintelligibly. Marlow sounds the steam whistle repeatedly to scatter the crowd of natives. Kurtz's health worsens during the trip and Marlow becomes increasingly ill.
The steamboat breaks down, and while stopped for repairs, Kurtz gives Marlow a packet of papers, including his commissioned report and a photograph, telling him to keep them away from the manager. When Marlow next speaks with him, Kurtz is near death; Marlow hears him weakly whisper, "The horror! The horror! The next day Marlow pays little attention to the pilgrims as they bury "something" in a muddy hole.
He falls very ill, himself near death. Upon his return to Europe, Marlow is embittered and contemptuous of the "civilised" world. Several callers come to retrieve the papers Kurtz entrusted to him, but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have no interest in.
He gives Kurtz's report to a journalist, for publication if he sees fit. Marlow is left with some personal letters and a photograph of Kurtz's fiancée. When Marlow visits her, she is deep in mourning although it has been more than a year since Kurtz's death. She presses Marlow for information, asking him to repeat Kurtz's final words. Marlow tells her that Kurtz's final word was her name.
Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that Heart of Darkness had been analysed more than any other work of literature that is studied in universities and colleges, which he attributed to Conrad's "unique propensity for ambiguity," but it was not a big success during Conrad's life. Leavis referred to Heart of Darkness as a "minor work" and criticised its "adjectival insistence upon inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery".
In King Leopold's GhostAdam Hochschild wrote that literary scholars have made too much of the psychological aspects of Heart of Darknesswhile paying scant attention to Conrad's accurate recounting of the horror arising from the methods and effects of colonialism in the Congo Free State.
pushed a little and only very little beyond the actual facts of the case". Heart of Darkness is criticised in postcolonial studies, particularly by Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe. with xenophobia", incorrectly depicted Africa as the antithesis of Europe and civilisation, ignoring the artistic accomplishments of the Fang people who lived in the Congo River basin at the time of the book's publication. He argued that the book promoted and continues to promote a prejudiced image of Africa that "depersonalises a portion of the human race" and concluded that it should not be considered a great work of art.
Achebe's critics argue that he fails to distinguish Marlow's view from Conrad's, which results in very clumsy interpretations of the novella. the savage degradation of the white man in Africa. Morelwho led international opposition to King Leopold II 's rule in the Congo, saw Conrad's Heart of Darkness as a condemnation of colonial brutality and referred to the novella as "the most powerful thing written on the subject.
Conrad scholar Peter Firchow writes that "nowhere in the novel does Conrad or any of his narrators, personified or otherwise, claim superiority on the part of Europeans on the grounds of alleged genetic or biological difference".
If Conrad or his novel is racist, it is only in a weak sense, since Heart of Darkness acknowledges racial distinctions "but does not suggest an essential superiority" of any group. Some younger scholars, such as Masood Ashraf Rajaessays on heart of darkness, have also suggested that if we read Conrad beyond Heart of Darknessespecially his Malay novels, essays on heart of darkness, racism can be further complicated by foregrounding Conrad's positive representation of Muslims.
InBotswanan scholar Peter Mwikisa concluded the book was "the great lost opportunity to depict dialogue between Africa and Europe". Those of us who are not from Africa may be prepared to pay this price, but this price is far too high for Achebe". In his criticism, the British academic Cedric Watts criticizes the insinuation in Achebe's critique—the premise that only black people may accurately analyse and assess the novella, as well as mentioning that Achebe's critique falls into self-contradictory arguments regarding Conrad's writing style, both praising and denouncing it at times.
Orson Welles adapted and starred in Heart of Darkness essays on heart of darkness a CBS Radio broadcast on 6 November as part of his series, The Mercury Theatre on the Air.
InWelles adapted the story for his first film for RKO Pictures[41] writing a screenplay with John Houseman. The story was adapted to focus on the rise of a fascist dictator.
Welles essays on heart of darkness filmed a short presentation film illustrating his intent. It is reportedly lost. The film's prologue to be read by Welles said "You aren't going to see this picture - this picture is going to happen to you. Welles still hoped to produce the film when he presented another radio adaptation of the story as his first program as producer-star of the CBS radio series This Is My Best.
Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad - Summary \u0026 Analysis
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